MRCOG Part 1: Biophysics
Biophysics is one of the lower-weighting subjects with approximately 40 questions. It covers the physical principles underlying imaging and clinical measurement techniques used in obstetrics and gynaecology, particularly ultrasound physics.
Topics Covered
Ultrasound Physics
- ›Sound wave properties — frequency, wavelength, speed (1,540 m/s in soft tissue)
- ›Piezoelectric effect — how transducers generate and detect ultrasound
- ›Acoustic impedance and reflection — difference between tissues determines image contrast
- ›Resolution — axial vs lateral resolution; higher frequency = better resolution but less penetration
- ›Doppler ultrasound — continuous wave vs pulsed wave, colour Doppler
- ›Artefacts — shadowing, enhancement, reverberation, aliasing in colour Doppler
- ›Safety — thermal and mechanical (cavitation) effects; ALARA principle
Radiation Biology
- ›Ionising vs non-ionising radiation
- ›X-ray production and interactions — photoelectric effect, Compton scattering
- ›Radiation dose — Gray (absorbed dose), Sievert (effective dose, accounts for tissue sensitivity)
- ›Fetal radiation sensitivity — organogenesis period most sensitive
- ›Radiation protection — time, distance, shielding; inverse square law
Clinical Measurement
- ›Blood pressure measurement — Korotkoff sounds, errors in measurement
- ›Pulse oximetry — principle (differential absorption of oxyhaemoglobin vs deoxyhaemoglobin)
- ›CTG interpretation — principles of fetal heart rate monitoring
- ›Measurement error — systematic vs random error, precision vs accuracy
- ›SI units — key units for clinical measurements in O&G
Exam Tips for Biophysics
Ultrasound frequency vs penetration trade-off is the most tested biophysics concept: higher frequency = better resolution but less penetration.
Know the ultrasound speed in soft tissue (1,540 m/s) — this is used to calculate distance from echo return time.
Radiation dose units: Gray = absorbed dose (energy per kg); Sievert = effective dose (accounts for biological effect of radiation type and tissue sensitivity).
Pulse oximetry principle: oxyhaemoglobin absorbs more infrared light; deoxyhaemoglobin absorbs more red light.
This is a scoring subject — the same concepts appear repeatedly. Learn them once.
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