MRCOG Part 1: Immunology
Immunology covers the mechanisms of immune defence, tolerance and disease. Approximately 60 questions, with particular focus on immune tolerance in pregnancy (a fundamental O&G concept), autoimmune conditions in pregnancy and transplant immunology.
Topics Covered
Innate Immunity
- ›Physical barriers — skin, mucosa, mucociliary clearance
- ›Phagocytes — neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
- ›Natural killer (NK) cells — role in early pregnancy and uterine decidua
- ›Complement system — classical, lectin, alternative pathways; C3, C5, MAC
- ›Pattern recognition — Toll-like receptors, PAMPs and DAMPs
Adaptive Immunity
- ›T lymphocytes — CD4+ helper (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg), CD8+ cytotoxic
- ›B lymphocytes — antibody production, class switching
- ›MHC (HLA) — Class I (all nucleated cells, CD8+), Class II (APCs, CD4+)
- ›Immunoglobulin classes — IgG (crosses placenta), IgA (secretory), IgM (first response)
- ›Primary vs secondary immune response — memory cells, affinity maturation
Immunology of Pregnancy
- ›Maternal tolerance to fetal allograft — why the fetus is not rejected
- ›HLA-G expression on trophoblast — protects from NK cell attack
- ›Th1/Th2 shift in pregnancy — Th2 predominance promotes tolerance
- ›Regulatory T cells (Tregs) — expanded in pregnancy, promote tolerance
- ›Anti-D antibodies and haemolytic disease of the newborn — Rh incompatibility
Autoimmunity & Allergy
- ›Antiphospholipid syndrome — anti-cardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies, recurrent miscarriage
- ›Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy — lupus flare, neonatal lupus
- ›Type I hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) — IgE, mast cells, histamine
- ›Type II (cytotoxic), III (immune complex), IV (delayed, T-cell mediated) hypersensitivity
Exam Tips for Immunology
Maternal tolerance to the fetal semi-allograft is a classic question — know HLA-G, Tregs and Th2 shift.
Anti-D: know when to give (all Rh-negative women at risk of sensitisation), dose (500 IU at 28 weeks; 250 IU for events <20 weeks).
Immunoglobulin classes: IgG is the only one that crosses the placenta (active transport via FcRn receptor).
APS criteria: need both clinical (thrombosis or pregnancy loss) AND lab criteria (antibodies on two occasions ≥12 weeks apart).
MHC Class I vs II: Class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells; Class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells.
Recommended Book
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